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Industries OverviewThe company's products are primarily used in industrial equipment sectors such as nuclear power, petroleum, petrochemicals, chemical engineering, power generation, automotive manufacturing, shipbuilding, fertilizer production, pharmaceuticals, papermaking, sugar refining, and machinery manufacturing. -
Products & SolutionsOur Products: Ferrous metal ore raw materials (nickel ore, ferronickel, ferrochrome, ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, etc.), seamless pipes, welded pipes, medium-thick plates, plate coils, bars, wire rods, wire coils, pipe fittings, flanges, castings, etc. -
CommunityThe company has established an excellent reputation within the industry through its strong credibility, comprehensive services, and ample resources. -
Process VisualizationThe company's products are primarily used in industrial equipment sectors such as nuclear power, petroleum, petrochemicals, chemical engineering, power generation, automotive, shipbuilding, fertilizer production, pharmaceuticals, papermaking, sugar refining, and machinery manufacturing. -
About UsTsisco Industrial Ltd. was established in 2010. Originating from the Tsingshan ecosystem’s Shanghai platform, the company now operates independently and focuses on global supply-chain integration, distribution, and import/export of steel and alloy materials. We achieved ISO 9001 certification from TÜV Rheinland in 2012, and ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 certifications from LRQA in 2022. These accreditations underpin continuous improvement and stable performance in quality, environment, and occupational health & safety.
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Products & Solutions
Power Tubes & Piping
Power Tubes & Piping
Power Tubes & Piping｜Global Sourcing for Engineering & Procurement
1. Product Positioning and Scope
Power plant tubes cover high-temperature and high-pressure steam circuits, feedwater and condenser services, heat-exchanger bundles, main and reheat steam piping, and balance-of-plant lines across coal-fired units, combined-cycle HRSGs, biomass and waste-to-energy plants, nuclear units, and thermal-storage facilities. Material families include carbon steels, ferritic Cr-Mo steels, 9–12Cr creep-strength-enhanced ferritic (CSEF) grades such as T91/T92, austenitic stainless (including H grades), duplex stainless, nickel-based and high-alloy materials, with titanium and copper-based options sometimes used for condenser services. This guide enables buyers to complete a fast “scenario–material–standard–size” mapping and finalize orders.
2. Standards Matrix (with general-requirements mapping)
— Seamless boiler/heat-exchanger tubes: ASTM A213 (ferritic and austenitic seamless tubes; general requirements per ASTM A1016), ASTM A209 (T1), ASTM A210 (carbon/molybdenum boiler tubes; general requirements per ASTM A450), ASTM A192 (high-pressure carbon steel boiler tubes; general requirements per ASTM A450).
— High-temperature alloy steel piping: ASTM A335 (general requirements per ASTM A999).
— Austenitic general-purpose and welded HX tubes: ASTM A269 (general requirements per A1016), ASTM A249 (welded austenitic boiler/superheater/HX tubes; general requirements per A1016).
— Duplex stainless tubes and pipes: ASTM A789 (tubes; general requirements per A1016) and ASTM A790 (pipes; general requirements per A999 for large-diameter piping).
— Feedwater heaters and condensers: ASTM A556 (seamless carbon steel), ASTM A688 (welded austenitic stainless feedwater heater tubes).
— Nickel/high-alloy HX tubes: ASTM B163/B167 (600/601), B407 (800H/HT), B423 (825), B444 (625), B619/B622/B626 (C-276). Alloy 690TT is widely used for nuclear steam-generator tubing per B163 with dedicated thermal treatment control.
— Dimensional series & general requirements: ASME B36.10M (carbon/alloy), ASME B36.19M (stainless); A450/A530 (carbon/low-alloy tubes & pipe), A1016 (ferritic & stainless tubes), A999 (alloy/stainless pipe).
— Design codes: ASME Section I (Power Boilers), ASME B31.1 (Power Piping); nuclear service per ASME Section III.
— Europe & International: EN 10216-2, EN 10216-5, EN 10217-7, EN 12952/12953, EN 13480; NDT per EN ISO 10893; MTC per EN 10204 3.1/3.2.
— China & Japan: GB 3087, GB/T 5310, GB/T 13296, GB/T 14976, GB/T 9948; JIS G3461/G3462/G3463.
3. Scenario–Material–Standard–Size Mapping
1. Super/ultra-supercritical reheater & superheater coils
— Materials: T91/T92 (9–12Cr CSEF), TP347HFG where applicable.
— Standards: ASTM A213 (general per A1016); external piping via ASTM A335 P91/P92 (general per A999).
— Typical sizes: OD 25–63.5 mm, WT 3–12 mm, length 6–24 m; ovality and wall eccentricity controlled per project.
2. Waterwalls & economizers
— Materials: A210 A1/C, T11/T22; use 304H/316H/347H for higher chlorine-bearing corrosion risk.
— Standards: ASTM A210 (general per A450), ASTM A213 (general per A1016).
— Typical sizes: OD 38–60.3 mm, WT 3–8 mm.
3. HRSG low/mid-temperature sections
— Materials: T11/T22/T91 with TP304L/TP316L where needed.
— Standards: A213/A335.
— Sizes: OD 19–50.8 mm, WT 2.0–8.0 mm; cleanliness and bevel quality controlled at the cold-end.
4. Feedwater heaters & condensers
— Materials: carbon steel A556, austenitic TP304L/TP316L, duplex 2205 where required; welded feedwater tubes per A688.
— Standards: ASTM A556, ASTM A213/A269, ASTM A688.
— Sizes: OD 19.05/22.22/25.4/31.75 mm typical, WT 1.24–2.77 mm; U-bend stress relief per project.
5. Nuclear steam generators & primary-side HX components
— Materials: Alloy 690TT for SG tubing; some systems use 304L/316L or 800/800H/800HT.
— Standards: ASTM B163 (690), B407 (800H/HT); nuclear per ASME Section III and plant specs.
— Sizes: OD ≈ 19.05 mm, WT 1.1–1.3 mm; stringent degreasing and cleanliness control.
6. Main/reheat steam & feedwater external piping
— Materials: P22/P91/P92; austenitic 304H/316H where applicable.
— Standards: ASTM A335 (general per A999); dimensions per ASME B36.10M/B36.19M.
— Sizes: NPS 1/2–24 and above; wall thickness per Schedule.
4. Size Range & Tolerances
— Seamless HX/boiler tubes: OD ~12.7–168.3 mm, WT 1.2–25 mm, length 6–24 m; U-bends as specified.
— A335 hot-service piping: NPS 1/2–24+, thickness per B36.10M; stainless per B36.19M.
— Tolerances: per A1016 (stainless & ferritic tubes), A450 (carbon/low-alloy boiler tubes), A999 (alloy/stainless pipe); D/T grades per ISO 1127/EN 10216-5 can be agreed where applicable.
— Geometry: straightness, ovality, and eccentricity quantified in the spec; cleanliness and degreasing levels specified for clean services.
5. Manufacturing & Key Controls
EAF/BOF melting with AOD/VOD for stainless (ESR as needed) → piercing & hot-rolling/extrusion → cold-drawing/rolling (if required) → heat treatment (normalize/temper for ferritic & CSEF; solution anneal & rapid quench for austenitic; duplex phase-balance control) → U-bending with stress-relief for feedwater heaters → pickling/passivation; cleanliness control for condenser/SG services.
6. Quality & Documentation
General requirements per A1016/A450/A999; mechanical tests (tensile, hardness, flattening/flaring), corrosion tests (A262 for austenitic IGC, A923 for duplex; G48 pitting where needed), NDE (ET/UT per standard or EN ISO 10893), hydrostatic test per code. Documentation per EN 10204 3.1/3.2, heat-treatment charts, NDE and cleanliness reports.
7. Supply Forms & Packaging
Straight tubes, U-bent tubes, and tube bundles; ends bevelled per ASME B16.25 or square-cut with caps; dry, chloride-free packaging; nuclear and ultra-clean services with dedicated clean packaging.
8. Ordering Checklist (RFQ/PO)
Standard & year (e.g., “ASTM A213-2024 TP347HFG, general per A1016”), grade & condition (“T91 N+T”, “TP316L solution annealed”), size & tolerances (OD×WT×L/U-bend data; straightness/ovality/eccentricity limits), inspection (ET/UT coverage, hydro; A262/A923/G48 if needed), documents (EN 10204 3.1/3.2; third-party witness), packaging & cleanliness (degreased, dry, capped, chloride-free).
9. Material Selection Pointers
USC/USC coils: T91/T92 with TP347HFG; external piping P91/P92.
Chloride-bearing cold-end: TP316L/duplex 2205 per A213/A789.
Feedwater heaters: A556 or TP304L/TP316L; welded feedwater tubes per A688.
Nuclear SG: Alloy 690TT per B163 with thermal-treatment and cleanliness control.
10. Procurement, Construction & O&M Risks
Wrong general-requirements pairing (A213/A269 with A1016; A210/A192 with A450; A335 with A999) causes inspection gaps.
CSEF heat-treatment errors degrade creep life; enforce PWHT and hardness limits.
Austenitic sensitization risk: use H or stabilized grades plus A262.
U-bend cleanliness & stress issues: inadequate degreasing or stress relief can trigger early leaks.
Dimensional series mix-ups: B36.10M vs B36.19M must be specified.
11. Representative Spec Lines
“Boiler superheater tube: ASTM A213 TP347HFG, OD 50.8 mm × WT 6.3 mm × L 12 m, general per A1016, solution-annealed & pickled; 100% ET + hydro; EN 10204 3.1.”
“Main steam line: ASTM A335 P91, NPS 10, Sch 80, L 12 m, general per A999; bevel per ASME B16.25; UT per project class; EN 10204 3.1 + WPS/PQR summary.”
“Feedwater heater U-tubes: ASTM A688 TP316L, OD 22.22 mm × WT 1.65 mm, U-bend radius per drawing, stress relieved, degreasing & cleanliness report; EN 10204 3.1.”
“Nuclear SG tube: ASTM B163 Alloy 690TT, OD 19.05 mm × WT 1.24 mm, TT curve & cleanliness records, 100% ET/UT, EN 10204 3.2 (third-party witness).”
12. Representative Global Producers (alphabetical, examples)
Alleima (ex-Sandvik), Baosteel, BENTELER, JFE, Nippon Steel/NSST, Salzgitter Mannesmann, Sumitomo, Tenaris, TPCO, Tubacex, Vallourec. Manufacturing windows vary by mill; always align with mill datasheets and contractual technical clauses.
Power Tubes & Piping｜Technical Specifications
1) Product Definition & Scope
• Scope. Metallic pipes, fittings and flanges for nuclear, fossil/combined-cycle, HRSG, hydropower, seawater cooling/circulating water, wind (nacelle hydraulics/cooling), CSP (solar-thermal) and energy storage (electrochemical/CAES/LAES/hydrogen) projects. Includes seamless/welded pipe, boiler heating-surface tubes, heat-exchanger tubes, process pipe, U-bent tubes, butt-weld / socket-weld / threaded fittings, forged/stainless/Ni-alloy flanges and stub-ins, and prefabricated spools.
• Objective. Satisfy 40–60 year design life (nuclear/conventional), low leakage, inspectability/repairability, full traceability, and optimal life-cycle cost.
2) Standards Matrix (from top-level design to products & inspection)
Top-level design & regulations
• Power/process piping: ASME B31.1 (Power Piping), ASME B31.3 (Process Piping), ASME B31.12 (Hydrogen).
• Boilers/pressure boundary: ASME BPVC (Sections I / II / V / VIII / IX); nuclear Section III (NB/NC/ND). EU PED. PRC GB/T 20801 (pressure piping), NB/T 20001.x (nuclear), HAF 604 (nuclear safety equipment license).
• Hydropower penstocks / waterways: AWWA C200 (steel water pipe) with AWWA C210/C213/C222 (internal linings/coatings).
Products & materials (examples)
• Boiler/heating surfaces: ASME/ASTM SA-213 (T11/T22/T91/T92), SA-210 / SA-192.
• High-temperature alloy steel pipe (piping): A335 (P11/P22/P91/P92).
• Austenitic stainless: A312 / A376 (pipe), A249 / A269 (welded HX/instrument tubes).
• Duplex / super-duplex: A789 / A790 / A928.
• Nickel-base: B163 / B167 / B407 / B423 / B444 / B622.
• Titanium & Cu-Ni: B338 (Ti), B111 (Cu-Ni 90/10, 70/30).
• Plate-fabricated pressure pipe: A358 (stainless EFW), A671/A672 (CS/low-alloy plate-welded).
• Flanges/forgings/fittings: B16.5 / B16.47 (flanges), B16.9 / B16.11 (fittings); materials A105 / A350 LF2 / A182 (F11/F22/F91/F304/F316 etc.), A403 (SS BW fittings), A234 (CS/low-alloy BW fittings), A815 (duplex), B366 (Ni-alloy fittings), B564 (Ni-alloy forgings).
• Nuclear-grade: ASME Section III (NB/NC/ND) + RCC-M; welding per ASME IX; QA per NQA-1.
• External coating/linings: ISO 21809 (FBE/3LPE/3LPP), AWWA C210/C213/C222 (liquid epoxy/FBE/polyurethane).
• Corrosion & materials selection: ISO 21457; sour per NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156.
• NDE & general requirements: A999/A1016 (general), A450/A530 (tube/pipe general). ECT/UT/RT/TOFD, PMI, helium leak (nuclear/hydrogen/cryogenic as applicable).
3) Materials & Grade System (incl. forgings/fittings)
• Carbon steel / LTCS / line pipe: A106 Gr.B/C, A333 Gr.6, API 5L (Gr.B, X42–X70; limited to in-plant utilities if used; preferred for off-plot/long-distance).
• Cr-Mo heat-resistant steel: A335 P11/P22/P91/P92; heating-surface tubes SA-213 T11/T22/T91/T92.
• Austenitic stainless: 304/304L/304H, 316/316L, 316L(N)/316N, 321, 347/347H; 316L(N) common in nuclear primary systems.
• Duplex / super-duplex: 2205 (S32205), 2507 (S32750) (seawater/high Cl⁻).
• Nickel-base alloys: Alloy 600/625/690/800H/825/C-276/B-2/B-3; SG usually 690TT / 800NG.
• Titanium / Cu-Ni: Ti Gr.2/Gr.12 (condenser/seawater side), Cu-Ni 90/10, 70/30 (seawater cooling/firewater).
• Forgings/flanges: A105, A350 LF2, A182 (F11/F22/F91/F304/316/321/347 …), B564 (Ni-alloy); nuclear often F316L(N) forgings.
• Fittings: A234 (WPB/WP11/WP22/WP91), A403 (WP304L/316L/321/347), A815 (S32205/S32750), B366 (Ni-alloy).
4) Sizes & Tolerances (text description)
• Heat-exchanger / instrument tubes: OD 6–60 mm, WT 0.5–6 mm; U-bend R ≥ 1.5D; lengths up to 25 m (project-specific).
• Process / power piping: OD 21.3–660 mm (NPS 1/2–26); larger by A358 EFW or plate LSAW/SAW.
• Hydropower penstocks/waterways: OD 1–12 m+, WT 10–80 mm+, shop-fabricated in sections with field girth welds.
• Flanges: ASME B16.5 ≤ 24″; B16.47 > 24″ (Series A/B), Class 150–2500; faces RF/RTJ/FF; materials matched to medium/temperature.
• Fittings: Butt-weld B16.9, socket-weld/threaded B16.11; for high-alloy grades (WP91/WP92) and duplex/Ni-alloy, validate post-forming heat treatment and impact/hardness.
• Tolerance system: Stainless/Ni-alloy optionally to ISO 1127 (D/T classes); general to A999/A1016; bevels per B16.25.
5) Manufacturing Flow & Heat Treatment (key points)
• Melting. EAF/IF + LF/VOD/AOD; for nuclear/Ni-alloy consider VIM + ESR/VAR to control inclusions/segregation.
• Forming. Seamless (hot-roll/hot-extrude + cold draw/cold roll); welded (EFW/TIG/laser/SAW); large diameters by plate roll + LSAW/SAW.
• Heat treatment. Austenitic solution ≥ 1040 °C with rapid quench; CSEF (T/P91/92) normalize + temper with strict PWHT; SG U-tubes stress relief/aging per project.
• Surface. Pickling & passivation (ASTM A380/A967), BA/EP as specified; nuclear limits on halogen residues (Cl/F); control δ-ferrite and residual stress.
• Ancillaries. Prefab spools, induction bends, internal linings/coatings (FBE/epoxy/rubber/cement mortar).
• Flanges/forgings. Open-/closed-die + normalizing/tempering/solution; nuclear forgings with enhanced traceability and UT classes.
6) Service–Material–Standard Quick Mapping (engineering guidance)
• Nuclear primary circuit (Class 1). SA-312/SA-376 316L / 316L(N) / 316N; design to ASME III NB or RCC-M; control δ-ferrite, residual stress, surface halogens; welding per ASME IX; cleanliness/He-leak per project.
• SG U-tubes. SB-163/167 Alloy 690TT / 800NG; U-bend R ≥ 1.5D; 100% ECT + optional He-leak; surface BA/EP.
• Nuclear secondary & auxiliaries. 304L/316L; firewater/seawater side Ti Gr.2 or Cu-Ni / 2205; B31.1/B31.3.
• Fossil/HRSG superheater/reheater. Tubes SA-213 T91/T92, piping A335 P91/P92; PWHT, hardness and creep life critical; B31.1.
• Feedwater/condensate (FAC risk). T11/T22 or 304/316; coordinate water chemistry OT / AVT(O) and flow/geometry; B31.1/B31.3.
• Hydropower penstocks/waterways. AWWA C200 + C210/C213/C222 (internal/external protection); sectional UT/RT and high-head hydrotest; cathodic protection.
• Seawater circulating/condenser. Ti Gr.2 tubing mainstream; piping 2205/2507 or Cu-Ni 90/10, 70/30; address crevice/pitting and CP.
• CSP heat-transfer oil (~300–400 °C). 321/347H, P11/P22; insulation/sealing and thermal-cycling fatigue.
• CSP molten salt (~400–565 °C). 347H / 800H / 625 and P22/P91; control chlorides/impurities and high-temperature corrosion/embrittlement.
• Hydrogen (B31.12) / cryogenic storage. 316L / Ni-base or qualified CS; deep-cold sections A333 / 304L; critical joints He-leak.
7) Quality Assurance & Verification (ITP backbone)
• Chemistry / cleanliness. OES/ICP; low S/P/inclusions; batch qualification for nuclear/Ni-alloy.
• Mechanical / high-temperature. Room-/elevated-T tensile, impact, hardness; creep/rupture for T/P91/92, 800H, 625, etc.
• Corrosion & phase control. A262 (IGC), G48 (pitting/crevice), A923 (duplex), G28 (Ni-base); duplex phase balance/ferrite.
• NDE. Small-bore tubes 100% ECT (e.g., E426/E571), UT E213 where required; weld RT/UT/TOFD; penstock sections UT/RT.
• Pressure / tightness. Per-piece hydro or equivalent; nuclear/hydrogen/cryogenic add He-leak; system tests per B31.1/B31.3 and project.
• PMI / hardness. Alloy ID and hardness limits (CSEF/duplex/Ni-alloy weld/HAZ).
• Coating QC. Blast cleanliness, DFT, adhesion, holiday testing.
• Documentation. EN 10204 3.1/3.2, heat-treat charts, original NDE, pressure/leak tests, PMI; nuclear dossiers per NQA-1 / HAF with witnessing.
8) Delivery & Packaging
• Ends. Plain/beveled per B16.25, protected with end caps; U-tubes matched and crated; flange faces with protectors.
• Protection. Dry-preserved in/out; stainless/Ni-alloy protected from scratch/contamination; nuclear—optional vacuum/inert-gas packaging.
• Marking. Standard, grade, size, heat/lot, heat-treat status, NDE/pressure status; nuclear class markings and traceable QR/barcodes.
9) Ordering Essentials (RFQ/PO checklist — paste-ready)
1. Plant type / system / medium / P-T, start-stop frequency, water-hammer/vibration limits; (nuclear) Class and code (NB/NC/ND or RCC-M).
2. Codes & acceptance: B31.1/B31.3/B31.12, ASME III / RCC-M, ITP/witness points, NDE percentages.
3. Material / heat-treatment / surface: e.g., SA-213 T91 (N+T+PWHT) / SA-312 316L (EP) / A790 S32205 (solution annealed) / SB-163 690TT (BA/ECT).
4. Dimensions & manufacture: OD × WT × L; U-bend R; EFW/LSAW/SAW or SMLS; ends (BE/PE/BW/SW/THD/flanged).
5. Corrosion & protection: CA; internal lining/coating/CP; insulation/cryogenic; (nuclear) halogen limits.
6. Inspection/testing: Chemistry/mech/IGC/pitting/phase; NDE & pressure/He-leak; CSEF hardness/metallography; SG tubes 100% ECT.
7. Dossier & credentials: 3.1/3.2, heat-treat charts, WPS/PQR/WPQ, PMI, NDE/pressure/corrosion reports; (nuclear) NQA-1/HAF certificates & stamps.
8. Logistics & installation: Section lengths/transport limits; field fit-up/induction bends/PWHT services; coating field-joint procedures and site cleanliness.
10) Construction & Risk Controls (“what not to do”)
• P91/P92 heat-treat & filler misapplication: Missing N+T/PWHT, interpass/hardness out of control → early cracking / life loss.
• FAC ignored: Feedwater/low-pressure circuits not treated via material (Cr content), chemistry, flow/geometry → perforation risk.
• 304/316 in high-Cl⁻/strong oxidizers: Cl-SCC / pitting risk → upgrade to 2205/2507 or Ni-base.
• No He-leak on nuclear/hydrogen/cryogenic: Micro-leaks invisible, severe consequences.
• Standards mixed: Using API 5L for boiler/power service, or mixing AWWA / ASME flange classes → pressure / sealing mismatch.
• SG / primary surface contamination: Halogens/iron fines, pickling residues → elevated IGA/IGSCC risk.
• Poor welding control on duplex/Ni-alloy: δ-ferrite/phase balance & hardness off-spec → SCC/embrittlement risk.
11) Example Spec Lines (copy-ready for procurement files)
• Nuclear SG U-tubes
“Tube, SB-163 Alloy 690TT, OD 22.23 mm × WT 1.24 mm, U-bend R ≥ 1.5D, post-bend stress relief per spec, 100% ECT, optional He-leak, surface BA/EP, CMTR 3.2, cleanliness & halogen limits per project.”
• Nuclear primary circuit (Class 1)
“Pipe, SA-312 316L(N), NPS 10 Sch 80S, BE with B16.25 bevel, solution annealed & pickled/passivated, 100% PMI, RT/UT per ASME III NB / RCC-M, He-leak if specified, CMTR 3.2 & NQA-1 dossier.”
• HRSG superheater tubes
“Tube, SA-213 T91, OD 38.1 mm × WT 6.3 mm, N+T, ends BE, NDE per SA-1016 (UT 100%), hydro per B31.1, PWHT & hardness records attached, CMTR 3.2.”
• Hydropower penstock
“Pipe, AWWA C200, OD 4.2 m × WT 28 mm, long-seam SAW, L = 12 m, internal lining C210 DFT ≥ 300 µm, external FBE C213, UT S2/E2 + seam RT, hydro ≥ 1.5×DP, flanges AWWA C207 Class D, CMTR 3.2 & holiday test.”
• Seawater circulating duplex pipe
“Pipe, ASTM A790 S32205 (2205), NPS 12 Sch 40S, solution annealed, BE, pickled & passivated (A380/A967), 100% PMI, G48A @ 25 °C pass, CMTR 3.1.”
• CSP molten-salt hot end
“Pipe, Alloy 800H (SB-407), NPS 8 Sch 80, solution annealed, weld RT 100%, creep data provided, insulation-compatible, CMTR 3.1.”
12) Representative Global Producers / Integrators (by category & region — examples; verify credentials before tender)
• Seamless boiler/power tubes: Vallourec (FR/BR/DE), Tenaris (IT/AR/MX/US), Nippon Steel (JP), JFE Steel (JP), Salzgitter Mannesmann (DE), Tubacex (ES/IN/AT), Alleima (formerly Sandvik, SE).
• High-alloy / nuclear-capable (SG / nuclear-grade SS & Ni-base): Alleima (SE), Tubacex (ES/IN/AT), Nippon Steel (JP), JFE (JP), Vallourec (EU), Jiuli (CN; high-alloy SS/duplex/Ni-base pipes & components).
• Large-diameter plate-rolled / pressure pipe: EEW Group (DE/AE/US), Jindal SAW (IN), PCK Panyu Chu Kong (CN), Baowu / Baosteel (CN).
• Fittings / prefabrication: Erne Fittings (AT), BUTTING (DE, CRA & spools), Proclad (UK/UAE, cladding & spools), Jiuli (CN), JFE/NSC affiliated shops (JP).
• Flanges & forgings: Ulma Forja (ES), Galperti (IT), Metalfar (IT), JSW Japan (JP, large forgings), Doosan/Hyundai (KR), CITIC Heavy / Shanghai Electric Forging / CFHI (CN).
• Titanium & Cu-Ni HX tubes: Plymouth Tube (US), KME / Wieland (EU, Cu-Ni), Baoti (CN), Western Superconducting (CN).
• Nuclear QA / inspection capability: Major groups’ nuclear subsidiaries hold ASME N/NPT/NCA-3800 or RCC-M / HAF 604 credentials (require valid certificates and recent nuclear deliveries with references in bids).
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